![]() ![]() The majority of hallucinatory experiences are transitory (75–90%) and resolve spontaneously over time ( Reference Linscott and van OsLinscott 2013). This work, however, has rarely controlled for the possible confounding effects of underlying or mediating neurodevelopmental and/or social anomalies, or the severity of the depressive symptoms the significance of these associations thus requires further investigation. Associations have also been reported between hallucinatory experiences, traumas such as bullying and suicidal symptomatology ( Reference Jardri, Bartels-Velthuis and DebbaneJardri 2014). As may be expected, professional help-seeking in children with abnormal auditory experiences is related to hallucination-related distress, including more emotional triggers of the voices, negative views towards them, and perceiving them as influencing their emotions and behaviour ( Reference de Leede-Smith and Barkusde Leede-Smith 2013). Hallucinatory experiences, emotional and behavioural symptomsĬross-sectional studies have documented positive associations between hallucinatory experiences and a range of concurrent emotional and behavioural symptoms and disorders in children and young people ( Reference Jardri, Bartels-Velthuis and DebbaneJardri 2014). Overall, about 10% of children and young people in the general population report some type of hallucinatory experience ( Reference Linscott and van OsLinscott 2013 Reference Jardri, Bartels-Velthuis and DebbaneJardri 2014). Epidemiological questionnaires have used questions such as ‘Have you ever heard voices or sounds that no one else can hear?’ or ‘Have you ever heard voices when you were alone?’, which target a continuum of experience from single noises or words more in line with hallucinatory experiences to clinically relevant ongoing conversing voices. Epidemiological studies have explored their presence through questions that identify both clinical hallucinations (that fulfil the above criteria for the definition of hallucinations and cause distress and functional impairment significant enough to lead to help-seeking) and broader hallucinatory experiences (that do not cause sufficient distress or impairment to lead to help-seeking). Following the hypothesis of the continuum of psychopathology and medical help-seeking, psychopathological features would be present in the general population, although in an attenuated and/or isolated form and with lower levels of distress and impairment not leading to need for care. Over recent years it has become evident that hallucinatory experiences are common in general adult and child populations. Taking into account the presence or absence of external stimuli, and the level of consciousness, a variety of perception distortions are defined ( Table 1) ( Reference Casey and BrendanCasey 2007). Human perception can be distorted in different ways. Sensations are interpreted as perceptions and processed into inner representations mediated by complex cognitive processing in the brain, involving the optimal combination of new sensory inputs with prior knowledge ( Reference Jardri, Bartels-Velthuis and DebbaneJardri 2014). Know how to conduct clinical assessments of children and young people presenting with hallucinatory experiences, taking into account developmental considerationsīe able to recognise the characteristics and clinical associations of hallucinations in children with psychotic and/or non-psychotic disorders and understand the therapeutic implicationsįrom the earliest stages of life, the experiences of smelling, touching, tasting, hearing and seeing are the front door through which babies relate to the world that surrounds them. Be aware of the frequency, associations and clinical significance of hallucinatory experiences in general populations of children and young people
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